Richard Clark, of Chicago, Illinois, Patented the formula for his "Hair Curling Fluid" in 1866. The primary ingredient was the extract of boxwood. To make the preparation, he combined four ounces of distilled rain water, two ounces of alcohol, and one ounce of the extract of boxwood. The mixture was then boiled down to four ounces, and some scent was added. The preparation was applied by moistening the hair, saturating it with the preparation, and rolling it up in papers.